{"id":159,"date":"2017-05-04T00:43:47","date_gmt":"2017-05-04T00:43:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/phil224-mboardman\/?page_id=159"},"modified":"2017-05-05T16:42:45","modified_gmt":"2017-05-05T16:42:45","slug":"jean-francois-lyotard","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/phil224-mboardman\/jean-francois-lyotard\/","title":{"rendered":"The Post-Modern Sublime"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Jean-Francois Lyotard<\/strong><\/h1>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\">Who Is He?&nbsp;<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-238 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/497\/2017\/05\/Unknown.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"294\" height=\"171\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/phil224-mboardman\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/497\/2017\/05\/Unknown.jpeg 294w, https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/phil224-mboardman\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/497\/2017\/05\/Unknown-150x87.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 294px) 100vw, 294px\" \/><\/h1>\n<p>Jeann-Francois Lyotard was a post-structuralist philosopher born in Vincennes,&nbsp;France, 1924. Lyotard is&nbsp;know for his philosphical accounts&nbsp;on aesthetics and politics, he is best known for his influential essay,&nbsp;<em>The Post-Modern Condition.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n<hr>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\">The Post-Modern Condition<\/h1>\n<p>Commisioned by the govenment of Quebec in 1979,&nbsp;<em>The Post-Modern Condition&nbsp;<\/em>is a study on knowledge in a technological&nbsp;society. Lyotard&#8217;s politically charged account focuses critiques&nbsp;a society ruled by computerization effects the status of knowlegde and power in the post-modern world. In this account on post-modernity, Lyotard focuses on the fragmentation of language and draws&nbsp;an important line between two&nbsp;kinds&nbsp;of knowledge, which he categorizes as narrative knowledge and scientific knowledge. Lyotard defines these kinds of knowledge hierarchically, stating that scientific knowledge is a dominating feature in post-modernism. In <em>The Post-Modern Condition,&nbsp;<\/em>Lyotard creates a defence for narrative knowledge, for he believes that scientific knowledge does not hold more importance than that of narrative. Though scientific knowledge&nbsp;is justified&nbsp;in the post-modern world by it&#8217;s economic value, Lyotard claims that it has lost its &#8216;truth value&#8217;.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"920\" height=\"518\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/JQ0MfE4JrHE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\">Sublimity in Post-Modernity<\/h2>\n<p>Lyotard questions the limitations of reason in regard to the problems of representation that stem from the meaning of certain phrases. &nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/lyotard\/#H4\" target=\"_blank\">In the postmodern philosophy events are analyzed as phrases, and again Lyotard asserts that events exceed representation in that no representational system can account for all phrases.<\/a>&nbsp;With this question in view, he discusses the term &#8216;referent&#8217; which often links the meaning of a phrase to an event; for Lyotard, the referent can not be fixed to an event that actually occurred in reality. He then describes what&nbsp;he defines as a &#8216;differend&#8217;&#8230;.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/lyotard\/#H4\" target=\"_blank\">How do we know when a differend has occurred? Lyotard says that it is signalled by the difficulty of linking on from one phrase to another. A differend occurs when a discourse does not allow the linkages which would enable the presentation of a wrong. Lyotard insists that phrases must, of necessity, follow other phrases &#8211; even silence is a kind of phrase, with its own generic effects. A silent phrase in the context of a dispute may be covering four possible states of affairs, corresponding to each of the instances in the phrase universe:<\/a><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The sense: The meaning of the referent cannot be signified.<\/li>\n<li>The referent: The referent (the wrong, etc.) did not take place.<\/li>\n<li>The addressor: The addressor does not believe that the referent falls within the competence of him\/her self to present.<\/li>\n<li>The addressee: The addressor does not believe that the referent (the wrong, etc.) falls within the competence (to hear, to understand, to judge, etc.) of the addressee.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The Kantian connection between pleasure and pain when attempting to comprehend unrepresentable reality is directly linked to Lyotard&#8217;s definement of the differend \u2013 thus, evoking sublimity.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/lyotard\/#H4\" target=\"_blank\">The sublime is situated at the differend between language games and phrase regimes; we feel a mixture of pleasure and pain in the frustration of not knowing how to follow on from a phrase but feeling that there is something important that must be put into words. In Lyotard&#8217;s postmodern philosophy the sublime is the feeling that indicates the limits of reason and representation.<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\">Art&nbsp;<\/h1>\n<p>Lyotard claims that art is&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/lyotard\/#H4\" target=\"_blank\">the realm which is best able to provide testimony to differends through its sublime effects<\/a>. The concept of post-modern art for Lyotard, focuses on avant-garde movements, such as Abstract Expressionism \u2013 and the work of Barnett Newman in particular.&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jean-Francois Lyotard Who Is He?&nbsp; Jeann-Francois Lyotard was a post-structuralist philosopher born in Vincennes,&nbsp;France, 1924. Lyotard is&nbsp;know for his philosphical accounts&nbsp;on aesthetics and politics, he is best known for his influential essay,&nbsp;The Post-Modern Condition.&nbsp; The Post-Modern Condition Commisioned by the govenment of Quebec in 1979,&nbsp;The Post-Modern Condition&nbsp;is a study on &#8230; <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/phil224-mboardman\/jean-francois-lyotard\/\"> Continue reading<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":859,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-159","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/phil224-mboardman\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/159","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/phil224-mboardman\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/phil224-mboardman\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/phil224-mboardman\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/859"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/phil224-mboardman\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=159"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/phil224-mboardman\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/159\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/phil224-mboardman\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=159"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}