{"id":23,"date":"2016-04-15T15:27:14","date_gmt":"2016-04-15T15:27:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/halinabrown.wordpress.com\/?page_id=23"},"modified":"2025-04-16T09:24:55","modified_gmt":"2025-04-16T09:24:55","slug":"risk-assessment-and-management-of-toxic-pollutants","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/hbrown\/research\/risk-assessment-and-management-of-toxic-pollutants\/","title":{"rendered":"Risk assessment and management of toxic pollutants"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5452 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/hbrown\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/446\/2025\/04\/New-York-State.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"195\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/hbrown\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/446\/2025\/04\/New-York-State.jpg 450w, https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/hbrown\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/446\/2025\/04\/New-York-State-197x300.jpg 197w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 195px) 85vw, 195px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5443 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/hbrown\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/446\/2025\/04\/Air-Toxics-Program-rotated.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"224\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/hbrown\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/446\/2025\/04\/Air-Toxics-Program-rotated.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/hbrown\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/446\/2025\/04\/Air-Toxics-Program-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/hbrown\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/446\/2025\/04\/Air-Toxics-Program-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/hbrown\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/446\/2025\/04\/Air-Toxics-Program-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/hbrown\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/446\/2025\/04\/Air-Toxics-Program-1200x1600.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 224px) 85vw, 224px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This body of research drew on the methods of natural sciences to understand the impacts of exposures to toxic pollutants on human health. At New York University, Columbia University, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology I worked as a laboratory scientist in the field of chemical carcinogenesis, studying the binding of carcinogenic compounds to DNA. In the position of the Director of the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mass.gov\/eea\/agencies\/massdep\/about\/programs\/office-of-research-and-standards.html\">Office of Research and Standards at the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection<\/a>, DEP, I lead the development of new methods for evaluating environmental toxins for carcinogenic, reproductive, mutagenic and systemically toxic effects. We then applied these methods to develop guidelines for air concentrations of toxic pollutants necessary to protect human health. This Massachusetts Air Toxics Program to this day continues to be the basis for regulating <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mass.gov\/eea\/agencies\/massdep\/toxics\/sources\/air-guideline-values.html\">toxic air pollutants in Massachusetts<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In a highly cited 1984 article in the<a href=\"http:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.74.5.479\"> <em>American Journal of Public Health<\/em><\/a> I was one of the first scientists to draw attention to skin absorption as a significant route of entry of water contaminants into the body. During the first few years following this publication the US Environmental Protection Agency incorporated dermal route of exposure&nbsp;into its<a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/risk\/updated-dermal-exposure-assessment-guidance\"> risk assessment methodologies<\/a>. I also developed dynamic pharmacokinetic models for skin absorption of environmental toxicants.<\/p>\n<p>In collaboration with <a href=\"https:\/\/www2.clarku.edu\/departments\/marsh\/faculty\/goble.cfm\">Robert Goble at Clark University<\/a> I conducted an epidemiological study in Poland to test the widely held belief that air pollution in Poland was the key factor in explaining the observed high rates of lung cancer mortality (I falsified this hypothesis).<\/p>\n<h3>Related Books<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/read\/5325\/chapter\/1#vi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cReview of New York State Low-Level Radioactive Waste Siting Process.\u201d <strong>1996<\/strong>. National Research Council and members of the consensus scientific committee. National Academy Press<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Related articles and book chapters<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Brown, H. S.; Goble, R. L.; Kirschner, H. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1519032\/pdf\/envhper00350-0064.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Social and Environmental Factors in Lung Can\u00adcer Mortality in Post-War Poland<\/a>, Environmental Health Perspectives <strong>1995<\/strong>, 103, 64-70.<\/li>\n<li>Webler, T.; Brown, H. S. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/00039896.1993.9936716\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Population Exposure to Tetrachloroethylene via Contaminated Drinking Water Pipes in Massachusetts: A Predictive Model<\/a>, Archives of Environmental Health <strong>1993<\/strong>, 48, 293-297.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wordpress.clarku.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/446\/2016\/05\/5-trace-pollutants.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brown, H. S.; Kasperson, R. E.; Raymond, S. Trace Pollutants in the Global Environment: A Three Hundred Year Perspective. In B.L. Turner, et al., Eds.; Earth Transformed by Human Action; Cambridge University Press, <strong>1991<\/strong>.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/08940630.1988.10466347\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brown, H. Management of Carcinogenic Air Emissions: A Case Study of a Power Plant. Journal of American Pollution Control Association <strong>1988<\/strong>, 38: 15-21.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0013935105801124\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shatkin, J.; Brown, H.S. Multicompartment Pharmacokinetic Model for Absorption of Or\u00adganic Compounds through Skin, Environmental Research <strong>1991<\/strong>, 56, 90-108.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1539-6924.1988.tb01168.x\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kasperson, R. E.; Renn, O.; Slovic, P.; Brown, H. S.; Emel, J. E.; Goble, R.; Kasperson, J. X.; Ratick, S. The Social Amplification of Risk: A Conceptual Framework, Risk Analysis <strong>1988<\/strong>, 10,177-187.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1539-6924.1987.tb00474.x\/epdf?r3_referer=wol&amp;tracking_action=preview_click&amp;show_checkout=1&amp;purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.com&amp;purchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED_NO_CUSTOMER\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brown, H. S.; West, C. R.; Bishop, D. R. Chemical Health Effects Assessment Methodol\u00adogy, Risk Analysis <strong>1987<\/strong>, 7: 389-402.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/tih.sagepub.com\/content\/2\/3\/163.short\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brown, H. S.; Bishop, D.R.; West, C.R. Methodology for Assessing Mutagenic Hazards of Chemicals, Toxicology and Industrial Health <strong>1986<\/strong>, 2, 163-182.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/tih.sagepub.com\/content\/2\/3\/205.short\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brown, H. S.; West, C. R.; Bishop, D. R.; Hicks, L. Methodology for Assessing Carcino\u00adgenic Hazards of Chemicals, Toxicology and Industrial Health <strong>1986<\/strong>, 2, 183-203.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/tih.sagepub.com\/content\/2\/3\/183.short\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brown, H. S.; West, C. R.; Bishop, D. R. Methodology for Assessing Developmental and Reproductive Hazards of Chemicals, Toxicology and Industrial Health <strong>1986<\/strong>, 2, 205-218.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/online.liebertpub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1089\/hwm.1986.3.233\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brown, H. S. A Critical Review of Current Approaches to Determining \u201cHow Clean is Clean\u201d at Hazardous Waste Sites, Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials <strong>1986<\/strong>, 3, 233-265.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.74.5.479\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brown, H.S., Bishop, D.R. Rowan, C.A. The Role of Skin Absorption as a Route of Exposure for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Drinking Water. American Journal of Public Health <strong>1984<\/strong>, 74, 479-484.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/bi00625a031\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brown, H.S.; Shapiro, R. Conformation of Aromatic Substituted Dinucleoside Phosphates: An Extension of the Base Displacement Theory of Carcinogenesis. Biochemistry <strong>1977<\/strong>, 16, 1229-1235.<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Brown, H. S. Assessment of the Relationship between Pollution and Lung Cancer Mortality in Poland Using Ecological Epidemiological Approach, International Journal of Environ\u00admental and Occupational Health <strong>1996<\/strong>, 11, 23-28.<\/li>\n<li>Shatkin, J.A., H.S. Brown and S. Licht <strong>1995<\/strong>. Composite Graphite Ion Selective Electrode Array Potentiometry for the Detection of Mercury and Other Relevant Ions in Aquatic Systems. Anal. Chem. 67: 1147-1151.<\/li>\n<li>Brown, H. S.; Goble, R. L. Industrial Development and Population Cancer in Poland. In Levy, B. Ed. Environment and Health in Eastern Europe. Proceedings of the Symposium on Occupational and Environmental Health, Pultusk, Poland, June 29-July 2, 1992, Manage\u00adment Sciences for Health, Boston, <strong>1994<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Brown, H. S.; Hattis, D. The Role of Skin Absorption as a Route of Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds in Household Tap Water: A Simulated Kinetic Approach, Journal of the American College of Toxicology <strong>1989<\/strong>, 8, 63-75.<\/li>\n<li>Brown, H. S. Some Approaches to Setting Cleanup Goals at Hazardous Wastes Sites. In Hazardous Waste Site Management: Water Quality Issues. National Research Council, National Academy Press, <strong>1987<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Brown, H. S.; Goble, R.L.; Tatelbaum, L. Methodology for Assessing Hazards of Con\u00adtaminants in Seafood, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology <strong>1988<\/strong>, 8, 76-101.<\/li>\n<li>Brown, H. S. A Critical Review of Current Approaches to Determining \u201cHow Clean is Clean\u201d at Hazardous Waste Sites, Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials <strong>1986<\/strong>, 3, 233-265.<\/li>\n<li>Brown, H.S. Regulating Environmental Pollutants: A View from a State Agency. In Homburger, F., ed., <strong>1985<\/strong>, Safety Evaluation and Regulation of Chemicals. Volume 2, 40-49. Basel: Karger.<\/li>\n<li>Brown, H.S. Estimation of Human Daily Dose of Organic Contaminants in Drinking Water. In Homburger, F., ed., <strong>1985<\/strong>, Safety Evaluation and Regulation of Chemicals. Volume 1, 50-57. Basel: Karger.<\/li>\n<li>Rowan, C.A., Connolly, W.M. and Brown, H.S. An Evaluation of the Use of Occupational Standards for Controlling Toxic Air Pollutants. Journal of Environmental Science and Health B <strong>1984<\/strong>, 19, 611-648.<\/li>\n<li>Brown, H.S. Jeffrey, A.M.; Weinstein, I.B. Formation of DNA Adducts in 10T1\/2 Mouse Embryo Fibroblasts Incubated with Benzo(a)pyrene or Dihydrodiol Oxide Derivatives, Cancer Research <strong>1979<\/strong>, 39, 1673-1677.<\/li>\n<li>Brown, H.S; Shapiro, R. Preparation of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Dinucleoside Monophosphates and DNA Modified with Aromatic Residues, Biochim .Biophis. Acta <strong>1977<\/strong>, 475, 241-253.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; This body of research drew on the methods of natural sciences to understand the impacts of exposures to toxic pollutants on human health. 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